Classifier bypass based on message sender trust and verification

ABSTRACT

In some embodiments, techniques for computer security comprise receiving an email message; determining a sender of the email message; determining whether the sender of the email message is trusted, wherein determining whether the sender of the email message is trusted includes determining whether the sender of the email message is associated with a whitelist; retrieving domain-related information by performing a DNS query on a domain associated with the sender; based at least in part on the domain-related information, determining whether the sender of the email message is verified; determining whether the sender is both trusted and verified; and when it is determined that the sender is both trusted and verified, treating the email message as trustworthy, wherein treating the email message as trustworthy includes bypassing a classifier.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/204,135, filed on Nov. 29, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 14/634,726, filed on Feb. 28, 2015, now U.S.Pat. No. 10,270,800, which is a continuation of U.S. patent applicationSer. No. 11/011,870, filed on Dec. 13, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No.8,984,640, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent ApplicationNo. 60/529,222, filed on Dec. 11, 2003, U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 60/542,211, filed on Feb. 4, 2004, U.S. ProvisionalPatent Application No. 60/566,671, filed on Apr. 29, 2004, U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 60/568,744, filed on May 6, 2004, andU.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/612,132, filed on Sep. 22,2004. All of the aforementioned patent applications are herebyincorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates generally to the area of computersecurity. More specifically, techniques for reducing the deceptivenessof electronic interaction, and for protecting legitimate communications,are disclosed.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

An increasing volume of sensitive personal and financial information isbeing stored electronically, in locations accessible through electronicnetworks such as the internet. This information has value to parties whohave illicitly gained access to such information by impersonatingparties authorized to access information. Current email and web browsertechnology does not provide adequate defense against such deception.Furthermore, when defenses are deployed, legitimate communications canbe impacted, i.e. by being classified as spam or phishing.

Accordingly, there is a need to protect users from electronic fraud, andto protect legitimate communications.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the invention are disclosed in the followingdetailed description and the accompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system for performing phishing countermeasures,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a method for determining whether a URL issuspicious, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method for determining an actionassociated with a URL, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 4 illustrates three examples of places a suspicious URL may bedetected, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a method for differential treatment of asuspicious URL, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a method for detecting a cloaked URL,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 7 is an example of a parse tree for the cloaked URL“http://security.ebay.com@phisher.com,” as could be constructed by someembodiments of 602 of FIG. 6.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method for differential treatment of acloaked URL, according to some embodiments, exemplifying an applicationof the method illustrated in FIG. 5.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method for determining whether a URL is asuspicious redirect, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a method for detecting and reportingsuspicious redirects, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a method for responding to requests tocheck and report suspicious documents or URLs, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of a method for detecting a redirection as itoccurs, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 13 is an example of a user interface element warning of apotentially unsafe URL usage, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of a method for passing information about thepresence of one or more suspicious URLs to a message filter, accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram of a method for preferential treatment oflinks in authenticated communications, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of another method for preferential treatmentof links in authenticated communications, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram of a method for associating trustworthinessinformation with a document, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram of a method for determining whether a messageis trustworthy, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram of a method for preferential treatment ofcontent in a trustworthy message, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 20 is a flow diagram of a method for associating trustworthinessinformation with a URL, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram of a method for differential treatment of adocument based on previously gathered information, according to someembodiments.

FIG. 22 is a flow diagram of a method for normalizing a URL, accordingto some embodiments.

FIG. 23 is a flow diagram of a method for displaying one or moresuspicious factors of a link and/or URL, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 24A is an example of HTML code containing four suspicious URLs, ascould be used by the method of FIG. 23.

FIG. 24B is an example of a rendering of the HTML contained in FIG. 24A,illustrating an embodiment of the method of FIG. 23.

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram of a method for distinctive display of a URL,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 26A is an example of HTML code containing an obfuscated cloakedURL, as could be displayed by the method of FIG. 25.

FIG. 26B is an example of a rendering of the HTML contained in FIG. 26A,illustrating an embodiment of the method of FIG. 25.

FIG. 27 is a flow diagram of a method for protecting importantinformation in a display area, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 28 is a flow diagram for processing a request to displayinformation in a protected display area, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 29 is a flow diagram of a method for un-protecting a display area,according to some embodiments.

FIG. 30A is an example of HTML code as could be used by the methods ofFIGS. 27, 28 and 29.

FIG. 30B is an example of a rendering of the HTML contained in FIG. 30A,illustrating an embodiment of the method of FIGS. 27 and 28.

FIG. 31 is a flow diagram of a method for receiving one or moreidentifying tokens, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 32 is a flow diagram of a method for obscuring an identifyingtoken, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram of a method for sending a message with one ormore associated identifying tokens, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 34 is a flow diagram of a method for processing a primary andoptional secondary identifying token, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram of a method for temporarily associating anidentifying token with a message, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 36 is a flow diagram of a method for providing an identifyingtoken, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 37 is a flow diagram of a method for dissemination of anidentifying token, according to some embodiments.

FIG. 38 is a flow diagram of a method for automatically processing amessage containing an identifying token, according to some embodiments.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention can be implemented in numerous ways, including as aprocess, an apparatus, a system, a composition of matter, anon-transitory computer readable medium such as a computer readablestorage medium, or a computer network wherein program instructions aresent over optical or electronic communication links. In thisspecification, these implementations, or any other form that theinvention may take, may be referred to as techniques. In general, theorder of the steps of disclosed processes may be altered within thescope of the invention.

A detailed description of one or more embodiments of the invention isprovided below along with accompanying figures that illustrate theprinciples of the invention. The invention is described in connectionwith such embodiments, but the invention is not limited to anyembodiment. The scope of the invention is limited only by the claims andthe invention encompasses numerous alternatives, modifications andequivalents. Numerous specific details are set forth in the followingdescription in order to provide a thorough understanding of theinvention. These details are provided for the purpose of example and theinvention may be practiced according to the claims without some or allof these specific details. For the purpose of clarity, technicalmaterial that is known in the technical fields related to the inventionhas not been described in detail so that the invention is notunnecessarily obscured.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system for performing phishing countermeasures,according to some embodiments. In this example, a sender of a message101 is connected to a network 102. A sender may be any device capable ofsending a message, including a personal computer, PDA, or a cell phone.A sender 101 may also be a server such as a mail server receiving amessage from a sender device. In some embodiments, a sender 101 may be aparticipant in a network of computers that are controlled by an externalparty, such as a “bot” or “zombie” network. A message refers herein toany electronic communication that may be addressed to a user, or thatmay be automatically delivered to a user as a result of a subscription.Examples of a message include email, an instant message, an SMS textmessage, an RSS message, an Atom message, a message including streamingvideo, and a Bluetooth message. A sender 101 may send a phishing messagethrough the network 102 to a recipient 103.

Phishing refers herein to any deceptive electronic communication, suchas electronic communication designed to trick a recipient into revealinginformation or providing a benefit, such as a financial benefit, to animposter. Examples of electronic communication include any type ofelectronic message, and conveying any type of electronic document.Illustrative examples of phishing include a message sent purporting tobe from Paypal requiring a user to enter an account name and passwordfor a security audit, a sweepstakes message indicating that a user haswon a prize and must enter credit card information to verify identity, afaked message from a manager inviting an employee to an outing butrequiring the employee's corporate password to accept or decline, afaked message from management indicating additional work hours have beenapproved but requiring a worker's corporate password to disavow acommitment to work, and a faked message from an online bank or stockbrokerage requiring account and password information before a real orfictitious “transaction” can be confirmed or denied.

The network 102 may be any type of network, for example a public networksuch as the internet or a cellular phone network. In another example,the network 102 may be an enterprise or home network, a virtual privatenetwork, or a wireless network such as an 802.11 or Bluetooth network.In some embodiments, the network 102 may include more than one network.An example of a network 102 including more than one network is a localarea network connected to a public network such as the internet. Arecipient 103 of a message such as a phishing message may be connectedto the network 102. A recipient may be any device capable of receiving amessage, including a personal computer, PDA, or cell phone. A recipientmay also refer herein to a user of a device capable of receiving amessage, or a server transmitting a message to a recipient device. Insome embodiments, phishing countermeasures may be performed by therecipient 103.

A document server 104 may be connected to the network 102. The documentserver 104 may be any entity capable of providing a document, such as aweb server that provides a document through a protocol such as HTTP. Thedocument server 104 may provide phishing documents. A document refersherein to any data that may be referenced by an address, including afile on a computer filesystem, an entry in a database table, a web page,and dynamically generated data provided by a server such as an HTTPserver.

A message server 105, such as a Mail Transfer Agent (MTA) or POP or IMAPserver, may be connected to the network 102. The message server 105 mayprovide a message to the recipient 103. In some embodiments, phishingcountermeasures may be performed by the message server 105. In someembodiments, a message server 105 and recipient 103 may be within anenterprise network such as a LAN or virtual private network.

FIG. 2 is a flow diagram of a method for determining whether a URL issuspicious, according to some embodiments. A URL refers herein to anyaddress under any scheme that permits a user to access a document via anaddress. One example of a URL is a Universal Record Locator as definedin IETF RFC 1738 and/or 2396 and any successors and predecessors, hereinreferred to as an “RFC type URL.” IETF RFC 1738 and 2396 are currentlyavailable over the internet from the Internet Engineering Task Force,and are herein incorporated by reference for all purposes.

A suspicious URL refers herein to a URL that may be treated withsuspicion. In some embodiments, any URL may be a suspicious URL. Inother embodiments, suspicious URLs may include cloaked URLs, redirectedURLs, URLs that are contained on a list of suspicious URLs, obfuscatedURLs, misleading URLs, URLs originating from, contained within adocument from or making reference to a site considered unsafe (forexample, due to being in a high-risk security zone), misleading URLs,and/or URLs with a combination of one of more of the foregoingproperties.

In this example, a URL may be received (201), for example because a linkis to be displayed, or because a user has clicked on a link, or as partof an evaluation of a document containing the URL. A suspicion level maybe initialized (202). A suspicion level may be any way of recordinginformation relating to suspiciousness. One example of a suspicion levelis a number. An example of initializing a numeric suspicion level is toset it to zero. Another example of a suspicion level is an enumerationof suspicious attributes. An example of initializing anenumeration-based suspicion level is to set it to an empty list. The URLmay be analyzed to determine whether it is obfuscated (203). Obfuscationrefers herein to disguising the contents or destination of a URL.Examples of obfuscation include using numeric IP addresses, encodingcharacters (for example encoding Unicode characters, such as with UTF-8encoding, e.g. using “% 61” instead of “a”), adding padding characterssuch as spaces or underbars before an “@” in a cloaked URL to hide adestination address, the use of characters such as “% 01% 00” that maycause a falsely premature termination of URL display, and addingspurious arguments to a redirect.

If the URL is determined to be obfuscated, then an obfuscation penaltyfactor is added to the suspicion level in this example (204). In oneexample, the obfuscation penalty factor is a number. In another example,obfuscation itself may be scoreboarded, for example by adding anobfuscation penalty factor for each type of obfuscation that is present,such as unnecessarily encoded characters, numeric IP addresses andpadding. In another example, a characterization of the obfuscatingelement(s) may be added to a list.

The URL may be analyzed to determine if it is cloaked (205). Furtherdetails of this analysis are later discussed in conjunction with theremaining figures. A cloaked URL refers herein to any URL that disguisesits true destination. In the example of an RFC type URL, this can be aURL that contains a username or username:password pair followed by thecharacter “@”, which has a special interpretation that is described inIETF RFC 1738, § 3.1 and IETF RFC 2396, § 3.2.2. For example, the URLhttp://security.ebay.com@phisher.com may be misinterpreted to refer to aweb site named security.ebay.com but actually refers to a document onphisher.com. In some embodiments, any URL that disguises its truedestination may be considered cloaked. In some embodiments, a URL thatdisguises its true destination and specifies an HTTP protocol may beconsidered cloaked. An HTTP protocol may be specified, for example, bythe presence of “http:” or “https:” (for HTTP over SSL) in the address,or by the absence of another protocol specifier.

If the URL is determined to be cloaked (205), then a cloaking penaltyfactor is added to the suspicion level in this example (206). If thecloaked target is further determined to be obfuscated (207), for exampleif a destination host name in an RFC type URL is obfuscated, a targetobfuscation penalty factor is added to the suspicion level in thisexample (208).

The URL may be analyzed to determine whether it is a suspicious redirect(209). Further details of this analysis are later discussed inconjunction with the remaining figures. A redirect refers herein to aURL that refers to a document that redirects to another URL, for exampleby providing an HTML document that contains a directive such as “<METAHTTP-EQUIV=“refresh” . . . >.” The term “redirect” may be used herein torefer to a redirecting document, a URL that will retrieve a redirectingdocument, or a URL with an argument specifying an address (for example,a URL, a partially formed URL, or an identifier that may be mapped to aURL by a server) to be the target of redirection in a document that maybe retrieved by the URL. For example, if http://phisher.com/rediraccepts an argument “url” and generates a document that will redirect abrowser to that location, then the URLs http://phisher.com/redir andhttp://phisher.com/redir?url=scammer.com, as well as the documentreturned thereby, may all be herein referred to as “redirects.” The term“open redirect” refers herein to a redirect that includes an arbitrarysecond URL as an argument and will redirect to that second URL. Forexample, in the example given above, http://phisher.com/redir may be anopen redirect.

If the URL is determined to be a suspicious redirect (209), a redirectpenalty factor is added to the suspicion level in this example (210). Ifthe target of a redirect is further determined to be obfuscated (211),for example if an argument in an open redirect is obfuscated, a targetobfuscation penalty factor is added to the suspicion level in thisexample (212).

The URL may be analyzed to determine if it is misleading (213). Amisleading URL refers herein to a URL associated with a misleading link.A link refers herein to an element of a document with an associated URL,for example an element of an HTML document associated with a URL throughan ‘<A HREF=“ . . . ”>’ tag. A misleading link refers herein to a linkthat is named in a manner that may indicate an associated URL other thanan actual associated URL, for example a link composed of text (or animage of text) that is a well-formed URL other than the URL associatedwith the link.

If the URL is determined to be a misleading URL (213), a misleadingpenalty factor is added to the suspicion level in this example (214).

The suspicion level may be compared with a threshold (216). In someembodiments, a comparison may be performed after calculating a suspicionlevel. An example of calculating a suspicion level is to scoreboard oneor more factors enumerated in an enumeration-based suspicion level. Insome embodiments, comparing a suspicion level with a threshold mayinclude a piecewise comparison of one or more aspects of anenumeration-based suspicion level, such as evaluating characterizationsof suspicious qualities such as cloaking, misleading, redirection,and/or obfuscation and determining whether the URL is suspicious basedon such evaluation(s). In some embodiments, for example as discussed inconjunction with FIG. 3, a suspicion level may be associated with theURL, and a comparison may be made prior to a decision about an actionassociated with the URL. In this example, if the suspicion level isabove the threshold, then the URL is treated as suspicious (215);otherwise, it is treated as unsuspicious (217).

The illustrated enumeration of penalty factors is not exhaustive, andfactors may be omitted and/or added in various embodiments. In additionto penalty factors, positive factors may be incorporated to effectivelydecrease the suspicion level of a URL prior to comparison to a suspicionthreshold. For example, if a URL is contained in a message associatedwith a sender that has been authenticated, then an authentication factormay be incorporated into the suspicion level prior to comparing to athreshold. An example of incorporating an authentication factor into asuspicion level is to subtract it from a numeric suspicion level.

In some embodiments, penalty factors may be numbers. For example, theobfuscation penalty factor may be 1, the cloaking penalty factor may be5, the target obfuscation penalty factor may be 2, the redirect penaltyfactor may be 3, the misleading penalty factor may be 3, and theauthentication positive factor may be 2. A suspicion threshold may be anumber, for example 5. A suspicion threshold and/or penalty and positivefactor(s) may be constant, or may be configurable. For example, suchvalues may be configured by a user or administrator, with persistentstorage in a registry or other file(s). In an example of persistentstorage, one or more thresholds and/or factors may be stored undersettings for a web browser and/or a messaging client in a Windowsregistry. As another example, one or more thresholds and/or factors maybe automatically calculated, for example by training of a Bayesianfilter based on user feedback obtained in user interfaces that ask forapproval to follow a link.

In some embodiments, 209-212 may optionally be further elaborated. Forexample, any redirect may be incorporated into the suspicion level, andsuspicious factors of a redirect, such as a possible open redirect,obfuscation, or a misleading link associated with the redirect URL, mayadd additional penalty factors. In another example, multiple redirectsmay be followed, with an additional penalty factor being added for anadditional redirection.

In some embodiments, the presence of a specific combination ofcharacteristics in a URL may be detected and a URL with that specificcombination of characteristics may be classified as suspicious, and/ormay constitute a separate category of suspicious URL. A separatecategory of suspicious URL may be treated differently than othersuspicious URLs. For example, a separate category of URL may haveseparate security settings determining configurable treatment, or may beunconditionally rejected, for example rejected following or duringconstruction of a suspicion level. In a first example of a specificcombination of characteristics, a redirected URL with obfuscation mayconstitute a separate category of URL. In a second example, a cloakedURL with spaces or other obfuscation before an “@”, or encodedcharacters in the destination URL, may constitute a separate category.In a third example, a redirection from the destination of a cloaked URLmay constitute a separate category. A redirection from the destinationof a cloaked URL may be detected and handled, for example by checking,when a redirection is received, whether the initiating URL was cloaked;and disallowing the redirection if so. In a fourth example, a cloakedURL with arguments (or an argument that appears to be a possibleredirection address) may constitute a separate category. In a fifthexample, a redirection to a cloaked URL may constitute a separatecategory.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a method for determining an actionassociated with a URL, according to some embodiments. In this example,an action associated with a URL is to be taken (301). An example of anaction is traversing the URL, for example because a user clicked on it.Another example of an action associated with a URL is displaying a linkassociated with the URL. Another example of an action is an evaluationof a document containing the URL, for example an evaluation of whetherthe document is trustworthy.

A suspicion level associated with the URL may be retrieved (302). Asuspicion level may, for example, have been calculated as discussed inconjunction with FIG. 2. It may be determined whether the suspicionlevel is acceptable (303). An example of determining whether thesuspicion level is acceptable is to compare the suspicion level with athreshold, and determine that the suspicion level is acceptable if it isbelow the threshold. In some embodiments, there may be multiplethresholds. For example, a threshold for determining whether a URL isconsidered suspicious when displaying a link may differ from (forexample, may be lower than) a threshold for determining whether a URL isconsidered suspicious when a user clicks on a link.

If it is determined that the suspicion level is acceptable (303), thenthe action is performed in this example (304). An example of performingthe action is traversing the link. Another example of performing theaction is displaying the link as specified in a document containing thelink. Another example of performing the action is evaluating the URL asacceptable in a process of evaluating a document containing the URL.

If it is determined that the suspicion level is not acceptable (303),then the action is impeded in this example (304). An example of impedingthe action is not traversing the link, or displaying a warning dialogbefore traversing the link. Another example of impeding the action isnot displaying the link, or displaying a modified version of the linkindicating that the link is suspicious. Another example of impeding theaction is evaluating the URL as unacceptable in a process of evaluatingthe document containing the URL.

FIG. 4 illustrates examples of places a suspicious URL may be detected,according to some embodiments. Detection of a suspicious URL may, forexample, be performed as described in conjunction with FIG. 2 and/orFIG. 3. In this example, a suspicious URL may be detected in someembodiments within a messaging client 401 which permits links or URLs tobe selected, for example within an email client when a user clicks on alink contained in an email, or within a messaging client 401 before orduring rendering of a message. In some embodiments, a suspicious URL maybe detected within a browser 403 such as a web browser, internet mediaplayer or PDF viewer (either for incoming URLs from an external sourceor for URLs linked from pages being displayed by the browser). In someembodiments, a suspicious URL may be detected by a security layer 402through which URLs may be passed before they may be transmitted to abrowser. A security layer may, for example, be inserted into the URLpath on a computer running a Windows operating system by placing thesecurity layer program in the Windows registry (for example in one ormore keys contained atHKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\http\shell\open\ddeexec\Application and/orHKEY_CLASSES_ROOT\http\shell\open\command). In some embodiments, themessaging application 401, browser application 403 and/or security layer402 may be components of the message recipient 103.

Suspicious URLs may be detected under various configurations. Forexample, suspicious URLs may be detected at all times, or only undercertain circumstances, for example when received by a browser from anexternal source or when typed or inserted into a URL input box, orspecifically when received from a messaging client. In some embodiments,an action associated with a suspicious URL, such as traversing the URL,may be permitted when accessed by clicking a link on a web page orselecting a bookmark, and disallowed when received from another source.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram of a method for differential treatment of asuspicious URL, according to some embodiments. In this example, a URL isreceived for processing (501). Examples of receiving a URL include auser clicking on an associated link, a user typing a URL into an inputbox, a user selecting a URL from a collection of one or more URLs, and aprogram such as a messaging client or document reader transmitting a URLto a browser.

The URL may be analyzed to determine whether it is suspicious (502). Anexample of determining whether a URL is suspicious is discussed inconjunction with FIG. 2. If the URL is determined to be suspicious, thenone or more security settings are retrieved in this example (503). Insome embodiments, security settings may include settings for one or moretypes of suspicious URLs and/or links, such as cloaked URLs, suspiciousredirects, misleading links and URLs, and cross-site links. In someembodiments, security settings may be stored in a file or otherpersistent storage, for example under settings for a web browser and/ora messaging client in a Windows registry.

If the suspicious URL is permitted by the security settings (504), forexample because it refers to a document in a trusted domain, or becausesuspicious URLs such as the one under consideration are alwayspermitted, or if the URL was determined not to be suspicious (502), thenthe URL is traversed in this example (509). An example of traversing aURL is to retrieve a document to which the URL refers. If the suspiciousURL is not permitted (504) and the security options dictate that no UIelement be presented (505), for example if there are no relevantsecurity settings or if the type of suspicious URL encountered is neverallowed, then the URL is not traversed in this example (510). An exampleof not traversing the URL is to not retrieve the document. In someembodiments, an informative message may be displayed indicating why theURL was not traversed.

If the security settings dictate that a UI element be presented (505),then a UI element is presented in this example (506), for exampleproviding options such as those discussed in conjunction with FIG. 13.If the URL traversal is approved (507), then in this example, securitysettings that may have been changed are optionally stored (508), and theURL is traversed (509). If the URL traversal is not approved (507), thenin this example, security settings that may have been changed areoptionally stored (508), and the URL is not traversed (510).

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram of a method for detecting a cloaked URL,according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, detection of acloaked URL may be performed as part of a determination of whether a URLis suspicious, for example as discussed in conjunction with 205 of FIG.2. In some embodiments, detection of a cloaked URL may be performed asthe sole determining factor of whether a URL is suspicious, for exampleas discussed in conjunction with 802 of FIG. 8.

In this example, a URL is received for processing (601), for examplebecause a user clicks on an associated link, or because an associatedlink is to be displayed, or as part of a determination of whether theURL is suspicious. The URL may be parsed (602). Examples of parsing aURL include parsing via a compiled grammar such as an LALR grammar (forexample as compiled by a parser generator such as yacc), arecursive-descent parser, one or more regular expressions, and ahand-crafted ad-hoc parser. Construction of a parser for a URL isreadily achievable by those skilled in the art. For example, in the caseof an RFC type URL, a parser may be constructed with reference tosections 2 through 4 and Appendix A of IETF RFC 2396, “Compilers:Principles, Techniques and Tools,” by Aho, Sethi and Ullman (ISBN0-201-10088-6) and “Lex & Yacc,” by Mason, Levine, and Brown (ISBN1-56592-000-7). During or after parsing a URL, the presence of ausername or username:password pair may be detected. Optionally, aprotocol specifier may be detected and checked for an HTTP protocol. Oneexample of an HTTP protocol specifier is “http.” Another example of anHTTP protocol specifier is “https.” Another example of an HTTP protocolspecifier is the absence of a non-HTTP protocol specifier, for examplein embodiments in which HTTP is a default protocol.

The example shown in FIG. 6 can be more clearly illustrated whendiscussed in conjunction with FIG. 7. FIG. 7 is an example of a parsetree for the cloaked URL “http://security.ebay.com@phisher.com,” ascould be constructed by some embodiments of 602 of FIG. 6. In thisexample, a parser uses the modified BNF grammar presented in IETF RFC2396, Appendix A, and terminology therefrom is employed for illustrativepurposes. The URI-reference 701 is a URL composed of an absolute URl702, which is composed of a scheme 703 specifying a protocol and ahierarchical part 705 specifying a location, separated by a colon 704.The scheme 703 is “http” 706, and the hierarchical part 705 is a networkpath 707. The network path 707 is composed of a double slash 708 and anauthority 709, which refers to a server 710, which contains userinformation 711 consisting of the username “security.ebay.com” 714, an“@” 712, and a host/port specification 713. The host/port specification713 specifies a host 715, which is composed of a hostname 716. Thehostname 716 contains a domain label 717 consisting of “phisher” 720, atoplabel 719 consisting of “com” 721 and a separator dot “.” 718. Thesemantics of this syntactic structure are defined in IETF RFC 2396 § 3to mean that the document referenced by the URL is available via theHTTP protocol from phisher.com using the username “security.ebay.com”with no password, on the default port.

Using the parse tree illustrated in FIG. 7 as an example in the flowdiagram of FIG. 6, once a URL has been parsed (602), an associatedprotocol may optionally be checked to determine whether it is an HTTPprotocol (603). An example of checking the protocol is to check thescheme 703 and determine whether it is “http” 706, “https” or empty, anyof which may indicate an HTTP protocol. In another example, a protocolmay be checked by examining a data structure that has been populatedwith parsed data and determining whether an HTTP protocol is indicated.In yet another example, a protocol may be checked by calling a functionthat determines what protocol is specified in a URL. If the protocol isnot an HTTP protocol (603), then the URL is not considered cloaked inthis example (605).

If the protocol is an HTTP protocol (603), or if no protocol check isperformed, then the URL is checked in this example to determine whethera user was specified (604). An example of checking a URL to determinewhether a user was specified is to check to see whether any string iscontained in the userinfo 711. In another example, determining whether auser was specified may include examining a data structure that has beenpopulated with parsed data and determining whether a user is specified.In yet another example, determining whether a user was specified mayinclude calling a function that determines what user is specified in aURL. In yet another example, determining whether a user was specifiedmay include scanning some or all of a URL, such as an authority 709, tosee if an “@” character appears anywhere before a first “/” character.In the example shown in FIG. 7, the user is “security.ebay.com” 714.

If no user is specified (604), then the URL is not considered cloaked inthis example (605). If a user is specified (604), then the URL isconsidered cloaked in this example (606). In some embodiments, a valueindicating that the URL is cloaked may be associated with the URL.

Detection of a cloaked URL may occur at any point in the parsing orprocessing of a parse tree, including while building a parse tree suchas an abstract syntax tree, while analyzing a parse tree, whiletranslating a parse tree into an application-specific data structure, orwhile analyzing or acting on an application-specific data structure.

In some embodiments, a browser or messaging client may parse URLs in amanner which does not recognize cloaked URLs. For example, the “server”nonterminal symbol in the grammar of IETF RFC 2396, Appendix A may beeffectively redefined so that “@” is not an allowed component, or thegrammar may be transformed so that “@” is disallowed in a “server” forHTTP-based URLs.

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method for differential treatment of acloaked URL, according to some embodiments, exemplifying an applicationof the method illustrated in FIG. 5. In this example, a URL is receivedfor processing (801), for example because a user has clicked on anassociated link. The URL may be evaluated to determine whether it iscloaked (802). One example of evaluating the URL to determine whether itis cloaked is to analyze the URL, for example as described inconjunction with FIG. 6. Another example of evaluating the URL todetermine whether there a value associated with the URL indicating thatthe URL is cloaked, for example a value associated as described inconjunction with 606 of FIG. 6. If the URL is not cloaked, then the URLis traversed in this example (805). If the URL is cloaked, then securitysettings are optionally retrieved in this example (803). In someembodiments, security settings may include settings specifying whethercloaked URLs should be allowed. In some embodiments, security settingsmay be stored in a file or other persistent storage, for example undersettings for a web browser and/or a messaging client in a Windowsregistry. In some embodiments, security settings may be retrieved andkept available for subsequent reference without further retrieval.

If the cloaked URL is permitted by the security settings (804), forexample because it refers to a document in a trusted domain, or becausesecurity settings permit cloaked URLs, then the URL is traversed in thisexample (805). An example of traversing the URL is to retrieve adocument to which the URL refers. If the cloaked URL is not permitted(804), for example if there are no relevant security settings or ifsecurity settings do not permit cloaked URLs, then the URL is nottraversed in this example (806). An example of not traversing the URL isto not retrieve a document to which the URL refers. In some embodiments,a user interface element such as a dialog box may be presented,indicating that the URL was not traversed.

Cloaked URLs may be detected under various conditions. For example,cloaked URLs may be detected at all times, or only when received by abrowser from an external source, or when typed or entered into a URLinput area, or specifically when received from a messaging client. Insome embodiments, a cloaked URL may be treated differently depending onhow it was received by a browser. For example, a cloaked URL may bepermitted only when accessed by selecting a bookmark, and disallowedwhen received from other sources.

FIG. 9 is a flow diagram of a method for determining whether a URL is asuspicious redirect, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments,detection of a suspicious redirect may be performed as part of adetermination of whether a URL is suspicious, for example as discussedin conjunction with 209 of FIG. 2. In this example, a URL is receivedfor processing (901), for example because a user has clicked on anassociated link, or because a document is being parsed or rendered andits links are being evaluated. The URL may optionally be checked todetermine whether it has an argument (902). This check may, for example,be performed on an HTTP URL by determining whether there is textfollowing a “?” in the URL. If it is determined that the URL does nothave an argument (902), then the URL is not treated as a suspiciousredirect in this example (909).

If it is determined that the URL has an argument (902), then the URL mayoptionally be looked up in a redirect cache (903). A redirect cacherefers herein to any association of URLs with an indication of whetherthey are suspicious redirects or not. A redirect cache may, for example,store a stem URL (for example, a URL stripped of its argument(s)),associated with one or more boolean values corresponding to suspiciousqualities. A boolean value refers herein to any value that distinguishesbetween two options. An example of a boolean value is a single bit.Another example of a boolean value is a variable such as an integer,which for example may distinguish between zero and non-zero (such asone). In some embodiments, a stem URL may be associated with a booleanvalue indicating whether the stem URL is a suspicious redirect. Forexample, the value 0 may indicate that an associated URL is notsuspicious, and the value 1 may indicate that an associated URL issuspicious. A redirect cache may include any data structure thatassociates a URL with one or more associated values, for example adatabase or a file on a user's computer containing, for each URL listed,one line of text including the URL, followed by a space, followed byassociated data, which may be nil. Looking up a URL in a redirect cachemay, for example, include stripping the URL of its argument(s), if any;determining whether the stripped URL is contained in the redirect cache;and if so, retrieving the associated boolean value.

If the URL is found in a redirect cache (904), then it is determinedwhether the URL is suspicious in this example (908). One example ofdetermining whether a URL is suspicious is to check one or more valuesassociated with the URL in a redirect cache. If the URL is determinednot to be suspicious (908), then the URL is not treated as a suspiciousredirect in this example (909). If the URL is determined to besuspicious (908), then the URL is treated as a suspicious redirect inthis example (910).

If the URL was not found in the redirect cache (904), then the URL islooked up in a redirect registry in this example (906). A redirectregistry may associate a URL with an indication of one or moresuspicious qualities. In some embodiments, indication of a suspiciousquality may be implicit. For example, membership in a redirect registrymay indicate that a URL is suspicious. A redirect registry may be anyform of database in which a membership query for a URL may be performed.In one example, a redirect registry may be a file contained on theuser's computer. In some embodiments, a redirect registry may beautomatically updated, for example by periodic updates from an externalsource. In another example, a redirect registry may be maintained by acentral authority and available over a network such as an intranet orthe internet. In yet another example, a redirect registry may bemaintained peer-to-peer, for example by allowing external interrogationof a local cache, and by performing the external lookup by interrogatingthe cache of trusted peers; or by using an open source peer-to-peermechanism such as Chord.

Details of Chord are available in Dabek, Brunskill, Kaashoek, Karger,Morris, Stoica, and Balakrishnan, Building Peer-to-Peer Systems WithChord, a Distributed Lookup Service, Proceedings of the 8th Workshop onHot Topics in Operating Systems (May 2001), source code for which iscurrently available over the internet from MIT.

In yet another example, a redirect registry may be maintained at anenterprise for use by computers on an intranet. Multiple redirectregistry lookups may be chained, for example by considering a URLsuspicious if any redirect registry classifies it as such. The result ofthe redirect registry lookup may optionally be stored in a redirectcache (907). If a redirect registry reported that a URL was suspicious(908), then the URL is considered a suspicious redirect in this example(910). If no redirect registry reported that the URL was suspicious(908), then the URL is not considered a suspicious redirect in thisexample (909).

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram of a method for detecting and reportingsuspicious redirects, according to some embodiments. In this example, aURL is traversed (1001), for example as a result of a user clicking on alink. An associated document may be retrieved (1002). The document maybe checked to determine whether it is a redirect (1003). This check may,for example, be performed for an HTML document by determining whether aMETA tag is present in the head with an ‘HTTP-EQUIV=“refresh”’ argument.If the document is determined not to be a redirect (1003), then thedocument is further processed in this example (1004). For example, thedocument may be rendered by a document reader such as a browser.

If the document is determined to be a redirect (1003), then it ischecked to determine whether it is a suspicious redirect in this example(1005). In one example of checking to determine whether a redirect issuspicious, the URL may be checked to determine whether it is an openredirect, and may be considered suspicious if so. Checking for an openredirect may, for example, be performed by determining whether thedestination of the redirection is substantially contained within theURL; and if so, it is considered to be an open redirect in this example.In some embodiments, a test for an open redirect may be performed, forexample by inserting a test URL referring to a test document into apotential open redirect and attempting to retrieve a document associatedwith the augmented URL containing the test URL. In one example, if theretrieved document for the augmented URL is verified to be a redirect tothe arbitrary URL, then the potential open redirect is determined to bean open direct in this example. In another example, if the test documentis determined to be associated with the augmented URL containing thetest URL, then the potential open redirect is determined to be an openredirect in this example. In another example, an open redirect maynormally be suspicious, but may be considered unsuspicious if it occurswithin the same domain, or if the target URL is contained in a list of“safe” locations. In yet another example, a URL may be consideredsuspicious if it is a redirect and contains obfuscation. In yet anotherexample, a redirect may count as a suspicion penalty factor and a URLmay be scoreboarded, for example as discussed in conjunction with FIG.2, to determine if it should be considered suspicious. In yet anotherexample, any cross-domain redirection may be considered suspicious. Insome embodiments, suspicious redirects, or elements of suspiciousredirects, may be reported, for example to a redirect registry.

If the document is determined not to be a suspicious redirect (1005),then the redirection is followed in this example, for example bytraversing the target URL (1001). If the document is determined to be asuspicious redirect (1005), then security configuration data isretrieved in this example (1006). An example of retrieving securityconfiguration data is to retrieve data from registry settings associatedwith a browser or messaging client. If the suspicious redirect ispermitted by security settings (1007), then the redirection is followedin this example, for example by traversing the destination URL (1001).

If the suspicious redirect is not permitted, then the security settingsare checked in this example to see if a UI element is to be presented(1009). If no UI element is to be presented, then a report is optionallysent in this example (1012) indicating that the URL is a suspiciousredirect. Such a report may, for example, be sent to an externalauthority over the internet, a local redirect registry on the user'scomputer, or an enterprise-wide redirect registry used by users of anintranet. The redirect is not then followed in this example (1013). Ifthe security settings dictate that a UI element is to be presented, thena UI element, such as a dialog box, is presented in this example (1008).In some embodiments, a UI element may have options such as thosediscussed in conjunction with FIG. 13.

One or more security settings may be updated (1010), for example torecord a change selected by a user. An update of settings may, forexample, include updating a setting associated with a web browser ormessaging client in a Windows registry. If the user elects to follow theredirect (1011), then the link is followed in this example, for exampleby traversing the target URL (1001). If the user elects not to followthe redirect (1011), or if no UI element was presented to the user(1009), then in this example, a report is optionally sent indicatingthat the URL is a suspicious redirect (1012), and the redirect is notfollowed (1013). In some embodiments, additional actions may also betaken. For example, an error may be returned.

In some embodiments, redirection chains may be followed in whichmultiple redirections occur and any or all such redirections (forexample, all redirections, or only the first redirection, or only thelast redirection) may be analyzed for suspicious characteristics.

Redirects may be detected under various conditions. For example,redirects may be detected at all times, or only when received by abrowser from an external source or when typed or entered into a URLinput area, or specifically when received from a messaging client. Insome embodiments, a redirect may be treated differently depending on howa redirecting URL was received by a browser. For example, a redirect maybe permitted when accessed by clicking a link on a web page or selectinga bookmark, and disallowed when received from another other source.

In embodiments in which a redirect cache is used, a redirect cache maybe updated when a redirect is determined to be suspicious or notsuspicious, for example after 1005 of FIG. 10 and/or after a user hasdetermined whether a redirect should be followed, as discussed inconjunction with 1011.

FIG. 11 is a flow diagram of a method for responding to requests tocheck and report suspicious documents or URLs, according to someembodiments. The method of FIG. 11 may, for example, be associated witha redirect registry as discussed in conjunction with FIGS. 9 and 10. Inthis example, a request is awaited (1101). A request may be awaitedusing any of a variety of mechanisms for interprocess communication,including providing a service available via a remote procedure call suchas a web service and listening for messages on a port accessible over anetwork such as an intranet or the internet. When a request is received,it may be checked to determine whether the request is a query (1102). Ifthe request is a query, then the URL that is being queried is matchedagainst stored records in this example (1103). Matching may be doneusing any of a variety of methods, such as stripping off any argumentsfrom a URL (for example by removing any text including and following a“?”) and checking against stored records, for example records stored ina database or flat file. Results of the query may be returned to therequester (1104). For example, if a matching record was found with anassociated indication that the URL is “positive” (for example, anillegitimate or suspicious redirect), then a “positive” response isreturned in this example. If a matching record was found (1103) with anassociated indication that the URL is “negative” (for example, a knownlegitimate redirect), then a “negative” response is returned in thisexample. If no matching record was found (1103), then an “unknown”response is returned in this example. A response may be returned by anyof a variety of mechanisms for interprocess communication, for exampleby returning a value through a remote procedure call mechanism andsending a response over a network such as an intranet or the internet.In some embodiments, only “positive” records may be maintained in therecords, and “unknown” and “negative” may be represented by the samevalue.

If the request is not a query (1102), then the request is checked inthis example to determine whether it is a report (1105). If the requestis not a report, then the request is ignored in this example, andanother request is awaited (1101). If the request is a report (1105),then the report is optionally confirmed in this example (1106). In someembodiments, confirming a report may include authenticating the reporterto ensure that the report is coming from a legitimate reporting entity,such as a browser; and rejecting known bad reporters, for example byblacklisting IP addresses from which spurious reports have beenreceived. In some embodiments, confirming a report may includedetermining whether a report is accurate. In one example, all reports(or all authenticated reports) may be considered accurate unlesssubsequently disputed. In another example, a count may be kept of thenumber of times that a substantially identical URL has been reported,and a report may be considered confirmed when the number of times asubstantially identical URL has been reported reaches a threshold, forexample ten. In such an example, counted reports may optionally belimited to one per location, for example one per IP address. In yetanother example, a report may be validated by fetching a documentcorresponding to a reported URL and determining whether the documentcontains suspicious content, for example a redirection. In yet anotherexample, a human may review reports and confirm them manually. In someembodiments, these techniques may be combined, for example by triggeringa human review when a threshold number of reports have been received.

If a report is not confirmed (1107), then another request is awaited inthis example (1101). If a report is confirmed (1107), then a record iscreated in this example (1108). A record may be stored in any persistentor transient storage, for example in a database table or a flat file. Arecord may contain data contained in a report, for example a URL with anassociated indication that the URL is “positive” or “negative,”corresponding to the report that was confirmed. A URL in a record may bethe same as a reported URL, or may be formed from the reported URL, forexample by removing arguments. Arguments may be removed, for example, byremoving text including and following a “?” in a URL. Another requestmay be awaited in this example (1101).

FIG. 12 is a flow diagram of a method for detecting a redirection as itoccurs, according to some embodiments. In this example, a URL, hereinreferred to as the source URL, is received (1201). An example ofreceiving a source URL is when a document containing the source URL isrendered. An electronic document may be retrieved at the addressspecified by the source URL (1203). If the document is a redirect(1204)—for example, if an HTML document contains a ‘<METAhttp-equiv=“refresh” . . . >’ directive—then in this example it isdetermined whether the relationship is allowable (1205). For example,the source URL may be checked against the target URL to determinewhether the relationship is allowable. The target URL refers herein tothe target of a redirect, and may be determined, for example, byextracting the value specified in the “content” of a META tag specifying‘HTTP-EQUIV=“refresh”’ in an HTML document. As an example of determiningwhether a relationship between a source URL and a target URL isallowable, redirections within the same site may be allowed, whilecross-site redirects may be subjected to additional scrutiny.

If the relationship is not automatically allowable (1205), the sourceURL and target URL are compared in this example to see whether thetarget URL is substantially contained within the source URL (1206). Ifso, the source URL is considered suspicious in this example (1208). Ifthe target URL is not substantially contained within the source URL(1206), or if the page was not redirected (1204) or the relationshipbetween the source URL and target URLs is allowable (1205), then thesource URL is not considered suspicious in this example (1207).

In some embodiments, a document fetched to determine whether it is aredirect, as discussed in conjunction with 1203, may be retained andreturned when the document is requested.

FIG. 13 is an example of a user interface element warning of apotentially unsafe URL usage, according to some embodiments. A userelement such as the illustrative dialog box depicted in FIG. 13 may, forexample, be presented when an attempt is made to traverse a suspiciousURL. Examples of situations in which a user interface element such asFIG. 13 may be presented are discussed in conjunction with 304 of FIG.3, 506 of FIG. 5, 1008 of FIG. 10, 1505 of FIG. 15, 1605 of FIGS. 16,and 1904 of FIG. 19.

In this example, an apparent destination 1301 of a link is shown alongwith an actual destination 1302 of the link and a warning 1304 aboutrisks associated with such links. Additional information may also beincluded, such as the owner 1303 of the actual destination site. Aselection of actions 1305a-1305 f are also shown in this example. Insome embodiments, presentation of a user interface element may depend onsecurity settings and/or user preferences. For expository purposes, inthis example a suspicious URL is illustrated that may appear to a userto go to http://security.ebay.com but actually refers tohttp://phisher.com. Examples of such a URL include the cloaked URL“http://security.ebay.com@phisher.com,” a hypothetical open redirect athttp://security.ebay.com that is given the URL “phisher.com” as anargument, and a misleading link named “http://security.ebay.com” thatactually refers to http://phisher.com. In some embodiments, differentuser interface elements may be presented for different types ofsuspicious URLs. Some or all of the illustrated informational elements,as well as additional elements not illustrated, may be present in someembodiments.

A user interface element may present information such as an apparentdestination of the link 1301 and an actual destination of the link 1302,and a warning about risks associated with such links 1304. Operations todetermine the name and/or ownership of the true destination address maybe performed, for example reverse DNS lookups on numeric addressesand/or WHOIS lookups, and resultant information 1303, such as the nameof the registered owner of the domain, may be presented.

A UI element may offer an option to subsequently permit suspicious URLs,for example all suspicious URLs, or suspicious URLs of the same typethat triggered the warning (such as cloaked URLs, redirects, suspiciousredirects, misleading links, or obfuscated URLs), herein referred to as“similar suspicious URLs.” Subsequent permission specified through theUI element may apply either without restrictions 1305 e or only for thesuspicious URL or destination domain that triggered the warning 1305 c.If a suspicious URL prompting a user interaction occurs in an electronicmessage, there may be an option to allow similar suspicious URLs from asender associated with the message 1305 d. In various embodiments, suchan option may be enabled for all messages, or only for messages withverified addresses. Examples of verified addresses include senderaddresses of messages with cryptographic certificates matching thesender of a message, or messages verified through an email verificationscheme such as SPF, Sender-ID, Domain Keys or Caller ID for Email,specifications for which are readily available to those skilled in theart.

Options may be presented, including options to reject the particular URL1305 a, which in some embodiments may be the default option, to traversethe particular URL 1305 b, and/or to disallow all similar suspiciousURLs 1305 f. In some embodiments, there may be one or more options tosave a selected security option and apply it in the future when asimilar suspicious URL is detected. Such an option may be availableseparately from selected options, or may be integrated into the securityoptions as illustrated in FIG. 13, either explicitly 1305 e, 1305 f orimplicitly 1305 c, 1305 d.

In some embodiments, behavior on encountering a suspicious URL may beconfigurable. For example, in security settings for a web browser, theremay be one or more options specifying action(s) to take when an attemptis made to traverse a suspicious URL. Such options may, for example,exist separately for each type of suspicious URL, or may group differenttypes of suspicious URLs together. In some embodiments, securitysettings may include options to disallow a type of suspicious URL, warnabout the presence of a type of suspicious URL on a page, warn about atype of suspicious URL when an attempt is made to follow an associatedlink, and/or permit a type of suspicious URL to be handled as if theywere not suspicious. In some embodiments, such options may have defaultvalues corresponding to the overall security level selected, for exampleto disallow a type of suspicious URL by default when a “high” securitylevel is set, to warn when a “medium” level is set, and to permit when a“low” level is set.

In some embodiments, security options may have defaults that arecontextually established, such as disallowing traversal of a type ofsuspicious URL when in a high-risk zone such as the public internet, orfrom within email from an unverified or untrustworthy sender, or whentraversal would lead into a high-risk zone. Similar contextuallycontrolled values may for example allow a type of suspicious URLtraversal fully within low-risk zones, such as within an intranet, fromwithin a web page hosted on an internal LAN address (which may bedetermined, for example, by determining that an address is within arange assigned via DHCP), or directed into another web page hosted onanother internal LAN address. In some embodiments, security settings ofthis nature may be configured by a user or administrator, withpersistent storage in a registry or other file(s). For example, suchsecurity settings may be stored under settings for a web browser and/ora messaging client in a Windows registry.

FIG. 14 is a flow diagram of a method for passing information about thepresence of one or more suspicious URLs to a message filter, accordingto some embodiments. In this example, a message filter such as a spamfilter may use information about the presence of a suspicious URL as aclassification factor. For example, after a message is received (1401),zero or more URLs in the message may be found (1402), for example byparsing HTML and isolating any HREF attributes. URL(s), if any, may beanalyzed, and one or more counts may be created, for example for thenumber of cloaked URLs (1403), the number of redirects (1404), thenumber of suspicious redirects (1405) and the number of URLs containingobfuscation (1406). These counts may be passed to a filter (1407). Otherexamples of providing information about suspicious URLs to a messagefilter include passing boolean values for various attributes, providinga single boolean value indicating the presence or absence of asuspicious URL, providing a count of the number of suspicious URLs in amessage, and providing a numeric score (for example derived byscoreboarding any suspicious URLs in a message, as discussed inconjunction with FIG. 2) of how “bad” URL(s) are in a message.Information about the presence of suspicious URLs in a message may beused by a message filter such as an adaptive text classifier or aBayesian anti-spam classifier, for example to help determine anappropriate classification.

FIG. 15 is a flow diagram of a method for preferential treatment oflinks in authenticated communications, according to some embodiments. Inthis example, a link traversal is attempted (1501), for example becausea user has clicked on a link contained in a document such as a message.The link may be checked to determine whether it is suspicious (1502),for example as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 2. If the link isdetermined not to be suspicious, then it is traversed in this example(1507).

If the link is determined to be suspicious (1502), then authenticationdata for the message is optionally retrieved in this example (1503).Authentication data may include any data associated with authentication,including data associated with a digital signature, SPF, Sender-ID,Caller ID for Email, and Domain Keys. The message may be checked againstthe authentication data (1504). Checking a message againstauthentication data may include any method of reconciling the messageagainst the authentication data, for example verifying that the IPaddress of the mail transfer agent from which the message was receivedis permitted to send messages on behalf of the domain in whose name themessage was sent, or checking a digital signature contained in themessage. In some embodiments, an entity such as the local mail transferagent may only allow authenticated messages to be received, in whichcase the retrieval of authentication data (1503) and authenticity check(1504) may be omitted.

If the message is authenticated, then the link is traversed in thisexample (1507). If the message is not authenticated, then a UI elementmay optionally be presented to the user in this example (1505). Anexample of a UI element may include providing an option, such as in adialog box, to approve a traversal. If the user approves the traversal(1506), then the link is traversed in this example (1507). If the userdoes not approve the traversal, then the link is not traversed in thisexample (1508). In some embodiments, all links in unauthenticatedmessages may be considered suspicious and/or disallowed. In someembodiments, an authenticated message may be given preferentialtreatment other than automatic allowance of a traversal. In one exampleof preferential treatment, an authenticated message may have its linkstreated more leniently. More lenient treatment may, for example, includeintegrating an authentication result into a suspicion level associatedwith a URL, or reducing the penalty incurred by an otherwise suspiciouslink (such as a misleading link, or a link associated with a suspiciousURL) by a numeric factor in a scoreboarding implementation such asdiscussed in conjunction with FIG. 2. In another example of preferentialtreatment, a user interface element may be presented indicating that themessage was authenticated.

FIG. 16 is a flow diagram of another method for preferential treatmentof links in authenticated communications, according to some embodiments.In this example, a URL traversal is attempted (1601), for examplebecause a user has clicked on a link. Authentication data may optionallybe retrieved for the message (1602). Authentication data may include anydata associated with message authentication, including data associatedwith a digital signature, SPF, Sender-ID, Caller ID for Email, andDomain Keys.

The message may be checked against the authentication data (1603).Checking a message against authentication data may include any method ofreconciling the message against the authentication data, for exampleverifying that the IP address of the mail transfer agent from which themessage was received is permitted to send messages on behalf of thedomain in whose name the message was sent, or checking a digitalsignature contained in the message. In some embodiments, an entity suchas the local mail transfer agent may only allow authenticated messagesto be received, in which case the retrieval of authentication data(1602) and authenticity check (1603) may be omitted.

If the message is not authenticated (1603), then URL traversal istreated according to relevant security settings in this example (1605).If the message is authenticated, then the URL is optionally checked inthis example to determine whether it is a cross-site link (1604). Across-site link refers herein to any link that is associated with two ormore domains or sites, for example a URL that links to a differentdomain or site than an originating message in which the link iscontained, a cloaked URL whose target is a different domain or site thanthe sender of the message in which the link is contained, and/or aredirect whose target or source is a different domain or site than anoriginating message in which the link is contained. If the link is across-site link (1604), then traversal is treated according to relevantsecurity settings in this example (1605). If the link is not across-site link, traversal is permitted in this example (1606). In someembodiments, a cross-site link from an authenticated message may begiven preferential treatment in comparison to a cross-site link from anunauthenticated message. For example, an authenticated message may haveits links treated more leniently. Examples of more lenient treatment arediscussed in conjunction with FIG. 15.

FIG. 17 is a flow diagram of a method for associating trustworthinessinformation with a document, according to some embodiments. In thisexample, a document is received (1701). One example of receiving adocument is to receive a message such as an email or instant message,for example by a messaging application 401 or a spam filter. Anotherexample of receiving a document is to retrieve a document associatedwith a URL, for example by a browser 403.

An analysis may be performed to determine the trustworthiness of thedocument (1702). One example of an analysis is a spam analysis, forexample a determination of how likely a message is to be spam. Anexample of spam analysis is Bayesian filtering. Another example of spamanalysis is a support vector machine. Another example of spam analysisis analysis of SMTP envelope information. Further illustrative detailsof spam analysis are discussed in conjunction with 1805 of FIG. 18.Another example of an analysis is a determination of whether a messageis whitelisted, for example as discussed in conjunction with 1802 ofFIG. 18. Another example of an analysis is a determination of whether amessage was sent by a verified sender, for example as discussed inconjunction with 1803 of FIG. 18. Another example of an analysis isdetermining whether a document such as a web page came from a trustedsource, such as a whitelisted domain. Another example of an analysis isdetermining whether a document has suspicious imagery, for exampleimagery associated with an entity not associated with the document.

The trustworthiness information may be encoded (1703). Encoding theinformation may include any way to prepare the information fortransmission, for example populating a data structure with theinformation. The information may be associated with the document (1704).In some embodiments, associating information with a document may includepopulating a data structure with the document and associatedinformation. In some embodiments, associating information with adocument may include populating a separate data structure withassociated information. In some embodiments, trustworthiness informationassociated with the document may be used by a method such as the methoddescribed in conjunction with FIG. 18.

FIG. 18 is a flow diagram of a method for determining whether a messageis trustworthy, according to some embodiments. In this example, amessage is received (1801). One example of receiving a message is toreceive it at a recipient 103, for example by a messaging application401. Another example of receiving a message is to determine that amessage's trustworthiness should be evaluated, for example because anaction is being performed on the message. One example of performing anaction on a message is displaying the message. Another example ofperforming an action on a message is traversing a link associated withthe message. The message may be checked to determine whether it iswhitelisted (1802). In one example of checking to determine whether amessage is whitelisted, a sender associated with a message may bechecked against a list of senders who are whitelisted. In anotherexample, another recipient associated with a message may be checkedagainst a list of correspondents who are whitelisted. In yet anotherexample, a message received through a mailing list may be checkedagainst a list of whitelisted mailing lists, for example by checking theheader for data characteristic of a mailing list. In yet anotherexample, a certificate associated with a message to be checked todetermine whether it authorizes delivery. One example of a certificatethat authorizes delivery is a certificate cryptographically signed by acertificate authority, such as the message recipient, a delegate of themessage recipient, or an external certificate authority.

If it is determined that the message is whitelisted (1802), then themessage is considered trustworthy in this example (1807). If it isdetermined that the message is not whitelisted (1802), then the messageis optionally checked in this example to determine whether the sender isverified (1803). Examples of sender verification include presence of adigital signature demonstrating an identity matching the stated identityof the sender, proof that the sender is a preferred sender by reason ofmembership in an organization that is trusted to certify trustworthysenders, message transmission via a secure protocol that authenticatesthe sender, a digital signature proving that a message originated withthe domain that is shown as its originator (such as Domain Keys), andvalidation by a technique such as SPF, Sender-ID or Caller ID for Email,which ensures that transmitting servers are authorized to handlemessages from the address for which they are distributing a message. Insome embodiments, sender verification may include cryptographicverification of a signature and/or retrieval of domain-relatedinformation, for example via a DNS query.

If it is determined that the message is sent by a verified sender(1803), then it is considered trustworthy in this example (1807). Insome embodiments, a verified sender may be further checked to determinewhether it was sent by a preferred sender, and a message from apreferred sender may be considered trustworthy. An example of apreferred sender is a member of a bonded sender program or industryassociation. If it is not determined that the message is sent by averified sender (1803), then its content is optionally analyzed in thisexample to determine whether it is suspicious (1805). For example, acontent classifier such as a Bayesian classifier may determine that amessage's contents are unlikely to be spurious or unwanted, and/or anelement in a message header may provide evidence that a message is notsuspicious, for example evidence that the message is a reply to amessage previously sent by the message recipient, such as a validmessage ID in the “In-Reply-To:” field of an email. An example of avalid message ID is a well-formed message ID consistent with message IDsassigned to the user's outgoing messages; another example of a validmessage ID is a message ID matching an actual message sent by the user.In some embodiments, additional requirements may be placed on validmessage IDs. For example, a message ID may be required to match amessage ID from an actual message previously sent by the user within acertain period of time, for example two weeks.

In some embodiments, previously generated information about the contentof the message may be retrieved. An example of associating informationabout the content of a message with the message is discussed inconjunction with FIG. 17.

If the content is determined not to be suspicious (1805), then themessage is considered trustworthy in this example (1807). If the contentis determined to be suspicious (1805), then the message is considereduntrustworthy in this example (1806).

In other embodiments, trustworthiness may be evaluated in terms of thepresence or absence of one or more factors such as those enumeratedabove, the number of factors present, or scoreboarding in which acombination of points assigned to each factor can be computed. Forexample, whitelist checking (1802) may be combined with senderverification (1803) so that only a message that is both verified andwhitelisted is considered trustworthy without regard to contentanalysis. In some embodiments, steps of this analysis may be performedearlier, with results retained. In one example, content analysis may beperformed by a spam filter, and a result of the spam filter analysis maybe associated with a message. In another example, it may be determinedwhether the sender of a message is whitelisted, or verified, and thisinformation may be associated with the message. An associated result maylater be retrieved and used to assist in determining the trustworthinessof a message.

FIG. 19 is a flow diagram of a method for preferential treatment ofcontent in a trustworthy message, according to some embodiments. In thisexample, an action is requested on a message (1901). Examples of anaction performed on a message include displaying a message, attemptingto traverse a link in a message, and attempting to submit a formcontained in a message. It may be determined whether the message istrustworthy (1902). Trustworthiness may, for example, be determined asdiscussed in conjunction with FIG. 18. In some embodiments,trustworthiness of a message may previously have been determined, and atrustworthiness determination associated with the message may beretrieved. In some embodiments, trustworthiness of one message mayincrease the evaluated trustworthiness of a related message. Forexample, a related message may be from the same sender, from the samedomain, or from the same top level domain, such as “.mil,” “.com,”“.gov,” “.edu,” “.tv,” “.za,” “.ch,” etc. In some embodiments, lack oftrustworthiness of one message may diminish the evaluatedtrustworthiness of a related message.

If the message is determined to be trustworthy (1902), then the actionis performed preferentially in this example (1903). Preferentialtreatment for a trustworthy message may be any treatment more lenientthan a corresponding non-preferential treatment for an untrustworthymessage. Examples of preferential treatment for an action on atrustworthy message include allowing a link traversal with a warning,allowing a link traversal without a warning, allowing traversal of alink associated with a suspicious URL, allowing a form submission,rendering HTML when a message is viewed, fetching and renderingreferenced imagery from external servers and allowing a script (forexample, a Javascript script or a VB script) to run when a message isviewed. If a message is not considered trustworthy (1902), then theaction is not performed preferentially in this example (1904). Examplesof not performing an action preferentially, corresponding to thepreferential performances enumerated above, include not allowing a linktraversal, warning when a link traversal is attempted, disallowingtraversal of a link associated with a suspicious URL, disallowing a formsubmission, not rendering HTML when a message is viewed, not retrievingreferenced embedded imagery from external servers, and not allowing ascript to run when a message is viewed. In some embodiments, notrendering HTML when a message is viewed may include rendering plain textassociated with the message. In some embodiments, not rendering HTMLwhen a message is viewed may include rendering a modified version of theHTML, such as plain text corresponding to one or more parts of the HTML.

In some embodiments, when a non-binary trustworthiness metric iscalculated, preferential treatment for various actions such as thoseenumerated above may be based on a single trustworthiness threshold, oron varying trustworthiness thresholds for different actions. Forexample, HTML email may be rendered for any sender whose return addressor domain is verified, while form submissions may be permitted only frommessages whose sender is both verified and on a whitelist.

FIG. 20 is a flow diagram of a method for associating trustworthinessinformation with a URL, according to some embodiments. The method ofFIG. 20 may, for example, be used to inform a document reader such as abrowser of an initial degree of trustworthiness associated with adocument referred to by a URL. In this example, a URL is to be traversed(2001), for example because a user has clicked on a link associated withthe URL. Information about a referring document may be retrieved (2002).A referring document refers in this context to a document containing theURL, or a link associated with the URL. Information about the referringdocument may include information about the trustworthiness of thereferring document. Examples of information about trustworthiness of adocument include a spam analysis indicating a likelihood that thedocument was spam; information about whether a sender of a message waswhitelisted or verified, for example as discussed in conjunction with1802 and 1803 respectively of FIG. 18; and information associated withthe trustworthiness of a document, for example as discussed inconjunction with FIGS. 17 and 18.

Information associated with the URL and/or an associated link may beencoded (2003). An example of information associated with a URL isinformation about whether the URL was suspicious, for example asdiscussed in conjunction with FIG. 2. In some embodiments, informationabout the suspiciousness of a URL may include a suspicion level. In someembodiments, information about the suspiciousness of a URL may include abinary suspiciousness determination. In some embodiments, informationabout the suspiciousness of a URL may include information about one ormore suspicious qualities, such as cloaking, redirection, obfuscation ormisleading. Encoding the information may be any way of preparing theinformation for transmission, for example creating and populating a datastructure with the information. Information about a referring documentand/or information about the URL may be associated with the URL (2004).In some embodiments, associating information with a URL may includepopulating a data structure with the URL and associated information. Insome embodiments, associating information with a URL may includepopulating a separate data structure with associated information. TheURL may be traversed (2005), for example by providing the URL andassociated information to a document reader such as a browser 403.

FIG. 21 is a flow diagram of a method for differential treatment of adocument based on previously gathered information, according to someembodiments. The method of FIG. 21 may, for example, be employed by adocument reader such as a browser 403. In this example, a documentassociated with a URL is potentially to be displayed (2101). Informationassociated with the URL may be retrieved (2102). In some embodiments,the information may have been generated and associated as discussed inconjunction with FIG. 20. It may be determined whether the informationindicates trustworthiness (2103). An example of determiningtrustworthiness is to determine whether the information indicates thatthe URL was suspicious, and determine that the information indicatesuntrustworthiness if so. Another example of determining trustworthinessis to determine whether a referring document was possibly spam, anddetermine that the information indicates untrustworthiness if so.Another example of determining trustworthiness is to determine whether areferring document was a message from a trusted source such as awhitelisted sender, or a document from a trusted source such as awhitelisted domain, and determining that the information indicatestrustworthiness if so.

If it is determined that the information indicates trustworthiness(2104), then the document is treated preferentially in this example(2105). One example of treating the document preferentially is to renderthe document. Another example of treating the document preferentially isto allow form data submission from the document. Another example oftreating the document preferentially is to allow a script such as aJavascript to run in the document. If it is determined that theinformation does not indicate trustworthiness (2104), then the documentis not treated preferentially in this example (2106). One example of nottreating the document preferentially is to present a warning message ina user interface element. Another example of not treating the documentpreferentially is to not render the document, or to render the documentin a manner other than specified in the document. Another example of nottreating the document preferentially is to not permit form datasubmission from the document. Another example of not treating thedocument preferentially is to not allow a script such as a Javascriptscript to run in the document.

FIG. 22 is a flow diagram of a method for normalizing a URL, accordingto some embodiments. Normalizing a URL refers herein to standardizingcharacter encoding used in a URL. In this example, a URL is to bedisplayed (2201). Examples of situations in which a URL is to bedisplayed include presenting a URL in an address bar of a browser, or aUI element that may situationally display a URL, such as a status areaor mouseover popup. One or more encoded characters may be decoded(2202). An encoded character may be any obfuscated character. An exampleof an encoded character is a Unicode character such as a UTF-8, UTF-16or UTF-32 encoded character, for example encoded using an encoding ofthe form “% xx”, wherein xx refers to a hexadecimal number. An exampleof decoding an encoded character is to convert the encoded character toits decoded equivalent, such as a single character corresponding to anumeric code such as a UTF-8 code, and storing the result in a characterarray. In some embodiments, such decoding may be performed on anycharacter. In some embodiments, such decoding may be performed only on asubset of possible characters, for example printable non-whitespacecharacters. In this example, characters, letters and common symbols maybe decoded, but not spaces, tabs, and other whitespace characters. Insome embodiments, non-encoded characters such as whitespace charactersmay be encoded, for example by substituting a UTF-8 code for anon-encoded character.

It may optionally be determined whether the URL contains a numericaddress (2203). If the URL contains a numeric address such as an IPaddress, then the address is resolved in this example (2204). An exampleof resolving an address is to perform a reverse DNS lookup. If addressresolution is successful, then a resolved address such as a domain nameis substituted for the numeric address in this example (2205). Acharacter array for a normalized URL may be initialized (2206). Acharacter counter may be initialized to point to the beginning of theURL (2207).

It may be determined whether another character in the URL remains to beprocessed (2208). If all characters in the URL have been processed, thenthe normalized URL is displayed in this example (2209). An example ofdisplaying a normalized URL is to render it on the screen. Anotherexample of displaying a normalized URL is to return it to a caller ormodule that may display it. If another character in the URL remains tobe processed (2208), then the next character is examined in this example(2210).

A normalized representation for the next character may be determined(2211). As an example of determining a normalized representation for acharacter, a mapping such as an array may be kept in which ranges ofcharacter values are associated with a bit indicating whether acharacter in that range should be displayed as printed, or translated toanother character (for example for displaying a space as an elevateddot), or displayed as numerically encoded. A character may be encoded toits numeric representation (e.g. Unicode or ASCII) and the range inwhich it falls may be checked to determine the method used for display.In some embodiments, only character code ranges which should be encoded(or unencoded) may be stored, and the normalized form for a character ofa URL may be derived from the presence or absence of a rangeincorporating the character in a list of ranges. A normalizedrepresentation may be concatenated to the normalized URL (2212). Thecharacter counter may be incremented (2213) and it may be determinedwhether processing is complete (2208).

FIG. 23 is a flow diagram of a method for displaying one or moresuspicious factors of a link and/or URL, according to some embodiments.In this example, a link and/or URL is to be displayed (2301). An exampleof a reason a link may be displayed is because a document is beingrendered and the link is associated with the document. An example of areason a URL may be displayed is because a user has performed an actioncausing a URL to be displayed, such as mousing over a link associatedwith the URL. It may be determined whether a URL, for example a URL tobe displayed or a URL associated with a link to be displayed, has asuspicious factor (2302). An example of determining whether a URL has asuspicious factor is to evaluate whether the URL has factors such ascloaking, obfuscation, misleading, and/or cross-site linking. Such adetermination may be made, for example, as discussed in conjunction withFIG. 2, wherein the suspicion level is an enumeration of suspiciousattributes.

If it is determined that the URL has a suspicious factor (2303), thenone or more suspicious factors are indicated in this example (2304).Indication of a suspicious factor may include any indication that a URLmay be suspicious. In some embodiments, an indication may be audible,for example playing a warning noise. In some embodiments, an indicationmay be visual. One example of a visual indication is an iconcorresponding to a suspicious factor. Examples of icons corresponding tosuspicious factors are shown in FIG. 24B. In some embodiments, a singleindication, such as an icon, may be provided indicating that a URL issuspicious. In some embodiments, a URL with multiple suspicious factorsmay have multiple indications, such as icons, of various suspiciousfactors. In some embodiments, a document element linked to a suspiciousURL (for example, via an HREF as illustrated in FIG. 24A) may bedeactivated and accompanied by a version of the URL that includes anindication of a suspicious factor. In some embodiments, a documentelement linked to a suspicious URL may be modified to include anindication of a suspicious factor, and optionally an indication of theactual destination of the URL, for example as illustrated in FIG. 24B.In some embodiments, an indication of a suspicious factor may includeanimation, such as animation of an icon. In some embodiments, anindication of a suspicious factor may be hidden (or exposed) throughuser action, such as moving a pointing device such as a mouse over aURL.

In some embodiments, indication of a suspicious factor may be combinedwith URL normalization, for example as described in conjunction withFIG. 22. Examples of combining an indication of a suspicious factor withnormalization include normalizing portions of a URL with suspiciousfactors indicated, and displaying a URL in normalized format when anindication of a suspicious factor is hidden.

FIG. 24A is an example of HTML code containing four suspicious URLs, ascould be used by the method of FIG. 23. In this example, one URL is acloaked anonymous URL 2401, one is a cloaked URL with a password 2402,one is a suspicious redirect 2403, and one is a misleadingly named link2404. All of these document elements 2401, 2402, 2403, 2404 have anactual destination of “phisher.com.”

FIG. 24B is an example of a rendering of the HTML contained in FIG. 24A,illustrating an embodiment of the method of FIG. 23. In this example,the link associated with the cloaked anonymous URL 2409 is rendered witha user icon and an indication of the actual destination of the cloakedURL, “phisher.com.” The link associated with the cloaked URL with apassword 2410 is rendered with a user icon with a superimposed key andan indication of the destination of the cloaked URL. The link associatedwith the suspicious redirect 2411 is rendered with an arrow, showing thedestination of the redirect. The misleading link is rendered with a pairof sunglasses, showing the actual destination of the link. Theillustrated indications of suspicious factors in URLs 2409, 2410, 2411,2412 show elements linked to a suspicious URL being replaced by arepresentation including an indication of suspicious factors in arendering of a containing document.

FIG. 25 is a flow diagram of a method for distinctive display of a URL,according to some embodiments. In this example, a URL is to be displayed(2501). Examples of situations in which a URL is to be displayed includepresenting a URL in an address bar of a browser, and a mouseover popup,status bar or other UI element designed to display a URL, eitherinvariably or situationally. The URL may optionally be normalized(2502), for example as described in conjunction with FIG. 22.

Important information in the URL may optionally be emphasized (2503).Important information in the URL refers in this context to informationthat may contain important information about the actual destination of aURL. Potential examples of important information in a URL include adestination domain, subdomain(s) and/or path of a cloaked URL, apossible target of a suspicious redirect, special characters such as “@”and/or “?”, a filename, argument(s), and some select characters of aURL. Examples of some select characters of a URL include the last ncharacters (for example, 20) of a URL, one or more blocks of readablecharacters from a URL, and some pseudo-randomly selected characters froma URL. In some embodiments, determining important information mayinclude parsing a URL to determine important constituent components.Important information in a URL may be emphasized in any way that isvisually discernable. Examples of emphasis include modifying the fontstyle (for example, using a bold font) and modifying the font color (forexample, using blue). In some embodiments, different types of elementsmay be emphasized differently. For example, a domain name may be coloredblue, while an argument may be colored red.

It may be determined whether the URL fits in a provided display space(2504). An example of a provided display space is a status bar or a URLbar. One example of determining whether a URL fits in a display space isto determine whether the length of the URL, in characters, exceeds athreshold number of characters associated with the display space.Another example of determining whether a URL fits in a display space isto determine a number of pixels required to render the URL, for exampleby rendering the URL into a buffer or by counting the widths ofindividual characters and optionally subtracting kerning factors, andcomparing the required number of pixels with a number of pixelsassociated with the display space.

If it is determined that the URL display does not fit into the provideddisplay space (2504), then the URL is modified in this example to fitinto the provided display space (2505). A URL may be modified by elidingless-important information. An example of eliding information is toreplace information with an indication that information is not beingdisplayed, for example an ellipsis such as “ . . . ” In someembodiments, less-important information may be determined by determiningless-important structural elements of a URL. Potential examples ofless-important structural elements in a URL include a username and/orpassword in a cloaked URL, a complete textual elaboration of a schemespecifier such as http:// or ftp://, arguments other than possibleredirect targets, and elements not previously determined to beimportant. In some embodiments, determining less-important informationmay include parsing a URL to determine less-important constituentcomponents. In some embodiments, one part of an element may bedetermined to be less important than another part of the element. Forexample, leading and/or trailing characters of an element may beconsidered to be more important than central characters, or the firstcharacters of an element may be considered to be more important than thelast characters. In some embodiments, information in a URL may be ratedaccording to importance, and may be elided based on its rating. Forexample, the least important remaining information may be successivelyremoved until the URL fits in a provided display area.

In some embodiments, when information associated with a URL has beenelided, a UI element may be provided through which an entire URL may beviewed. For example, a “URL” element of a context-sensitive menu (forexample, accessed via a right mouse click) may provide submenus for acloaked URL displaying “Username and password,” “Destination” and“Arguments” submenus referring to the username:password component,central URL component and arguments components respectively; and mayprovide submenus from a redirect displaying “Redirect Link,”“Destination,” and “Arguments” submenus referring to the location of theredirect, the destination thereof and arguments components respectively.In some embodiments, an arguments component may further have submenusshowing <name,value> pairs for one or more arguments included in theURL.

In some embodiments, emphasizing important information (2503) andeliding less-important information (2505) may be combined. For example,a URL may be parsed to determine its constituent components. Adestination site name may be displayed, optionally emphasized such aswith a bold blue font, in a manner that ensures important informationwill be legible, for example by always displaying up to the last ncharacters of the site name (for example, 20) and inserting an ellipsissuch as “ . . . ” in the event there are more than n characters;displaying a first part of a possible redirect argument, optionallyemphasized using a color such as red, with an ellipsis following it ifspace does not permit the display of the entire redirect component; anddisplaying username:password and argument information only as spacepermits (for example, by displaying a first part of theusername:password information before the central URL component, with anellipsis following it if space does not permit the display of the entireusername:password component; and by displaying a last part of thearguments following the central URL component, with an ellipsispreceding it if space does not permit the display of the entire argumentcomponent). In this example, a redirect argument may, for example, bedetected as described in conjunction with FIG. 9.

If it is determined that the URL fits in a provided display space(2504), or if the URL has been modified to fit in a provided displayspace (2505), then the URL, optionally including emphasizedmore-important information and/or elided less-important information, isdisplayed in this example (2506). One example of displaying the URL isto render it on a display device such as a screen. Another example ofdisplaying the URL is to provide it to a caller or module that maydisplay it.

In some embodiments, distinctive URL display may be combined with anindication of a suspicious factor as described in conjunction with FIG.23, for example by displaying an icon indicative of a suspicious factorof a URL.

FIG. 26A is an example of HTML code containing an obfuscated cloakedURL, as could be displayed by the method of FIG. 25. In this example,the HTML code contains an obfuscated cloaked URL 2601. This URL containsmany space characters after the username “security.ebay.com” and before“@phisher.com.”

FIG. 26B is an example of a rendering of the HTML contained in FIG. 26A,illustrating an embodiment of the method of FIG. 25. In this example, acursor 2606 is over a link 2605 corresponding to the obfuscated cloakedURL 2601. The URL display area 2607 displays a URL. In this example,spaces have been converted to elevated dots via normalization asdescribed in conjunction with 2502 of FIG. 25, less important elementsof the URL (in this case, padding) have been reduced to the ellipsis “ .. . ” as described in conjunction with 2505 of FIG. 25, and thedestination of the URL “phisher.com” has been emphasized with bold fontin blue as described in conjunction with 2503 of FIG. 25.

FIG. 27 is a flow diagram of a method for protecting importantinformation in a display area, according to some embodiments. An exampleof important information is a URL, for example an unprocessed URL, anormalized URL as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 22, a URL with anindication of one or more suspicious factors as discussed in conjunctionwith FIG. 23, or a URL with important information emphasized and/orunimportant information elided, as discussed in conjunction with FIG.25. In some embodiments, any URL may be considered important, or may beconsidered important in a situation such as a display due to amouseover. In some embodiments, a URL may be considered importantinformation only if it is suspicious (for example as discussed inconjunction with FIG. 2). In some embodiments, only certain types of URLinformation may be considered important. Examples of types of URLinformation that may be considered important include the destination URLof a link to a cloaked, obfuscated and/or redirected location, and theURL of a cross-site link.

In this example, important information is to be displayed in a displayarea (2701). An example of a display area is a status area of aninformation rendering application such as a web browser. Another exampleof a display area is a floating textbox displayed as the result ofmousing over a link. An example of an action that could cause importantinformation to be displayed in a display area is a mouse cursor beingpositioned over a link. Another example of an action that could causeimportant information to be displayed in a display area is moving acursor over an image map. In such an example, the actual destination ofthe map, if clicked at the current position, may be displayed asimportant information, and the display of other information, such as anunderlying URL attached to the image map through an <A HREF=“ . . . ”>tag, may be suppressed.

A security display flag associated with the protected display area maybe set (2702). An example of setting a security display flag is to setit to the value 1. Another example of setting a security display flag isto create a flag and associate it with the protected display area. Insome embodiments, a scripting language such as Javascript may beprecluded from changing the value of such a security display flag. Theimportant information may be displayed (2703). In some embodiments, theimportant information may be processed before displaying. Examples ofprocessing the information include normalizing a URL as discussed inconjunction with FIG. 22, indicating one or more suspicious factorsassociated with a URL as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 23, andemphasizing relatively important information and/or eliding relativelyunimportant information, as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 25.

FIG. 28 is a flow diagram for processing a request to displayinformation in a protected display area, according to some embodiments.In this example, a request is received to display information in adisplay area that may be protected (2801). An example of a request todisplay information is an attempt by a script such as a Javascript todisplay text in the “window.status” area. An example of a Javascriptscript attempting to display text in the “window.status” area is shownin FIG. 30A. It may be determined whether a security display flagassociated with the protected display area is set (2802). An example ofdetermining whether a security display flag is set is to determinewhether the flag has the value 1. Another example of determining whethera security display flag associated with the display area is set is todetermine whether there is a security display flag associated with thedisplay area.

If it is determined that a security display flag associated with thedisplay area is set (2802), then the information for which a displayrequest was received is optionally retained in this example (2803). Anexample of retaining information is to store it in a memory associatedwith the display area. If it is determined that no security display flagassociated with the display area is set (2802), then the information isdisplayed in this example (2804).

FIG. 29 is a flow diagram of a method for un-protecting a display area,according to some embodiments. In this example, important information isno longer to be displayed in a protected display area (2901). Importantinformation may, for example, have previously been displayed in thedisplay area as discussed in conjunction with FIG. 27. An example of areason that important information may no longer be displayed in adisplay area is a mouse cursor positioned over a link being moved offthe link.

A security display flag associated with the display area may be cleared(2902). One example of clearing a security display flag is to set it tothe value 0. Another example of clearing a security display flag is todisassociate it from the display area. It may be determined whetherthere is retained information associated with the display area (2903).An example of retained information is information that was retained asdiscussed in conjunction with 2803 of FIG. 28. If it is determined thatthere is retained information associated with the display area (2903),then the retained information is displayed in this example (2904).

FIG. 30A is an example of HTML code as could be used by the methods ofFIGS. 27, 28 and 29. In this example, the HTML code contains a cloakedURL 3001. A Javascript script 3002, that will be invoked when a mousecursor is positioned over the link, contains a directive to overwrite adisplay area associated with “window.status” with the string “Click hereto enter security information” 3003.

FIG. 30B is an example of a rendering of the HTML contained in FIG. 30A,illustrating an embodiment of the method of FIGS. 27 and 28. In thisexample, a cursor 3008 is positioned over a link 3007 corresponding tothe cloaked URL 3001. A status area 3009 displays a URL. In thisexample, the URL is displayed, despite the Javascript script 3002 thathas directed the browser to display the string “Click here to entersecurity information” 3003. As discussed in conjunction with 2701 ofFIG. 27, the URL may be displayed because a cursor was positioned overan associated link 3007, and/or because the URL 3001 is cloaked. In thisexample, an information display request from the Javascript may haveoccurred and been suppressed and optionally retained, as discussed inconjunction with FIG. 28.

FIG. 31 is a flow diagram of a method for receiving one or moreidentifying tokens, according to some embodiments. An identifying tokenrefers herein to any identifiable token that may be used to promotetrust in a message. In various embodiments, an identifying token may behuman-recognizable and/or machine-recognizable. Examples of ahuman-recognizable identifying token include a textual string, an image,and a sound. Examples of a machine-recognizable identifying tokeninclude a number, a string, and cryptographic information such as a keythat may be used in a hash or cryptographic signature. In this example,one or more identifying tokens for a message originator are to be set(3101). An example of a circumstance under which an identifying tokenmay be set is when a new account is being established, for example anaccount with a message originator such as a financial institution ore-commerce vendor. Another example of a circumstance under which anidentifying token may be set is when account preferences are updated. Insome embodiments, an identifying token may be specific to acorrespondent. In some embodiments, an identifying token may be used bya token association service, which may associate tokens for one or moremessage originators. In some embodiments, a token association servicemay maintain a single identifying token for a message recipient, thenumber of message originators notwithstanding. In some embodiments, atoken association service may maintain separate identifying tokens fortwo or more message originators associated with a recipient.

In some embodiments, a single identifying token may be specific to amessage recipient. In some embodiments, two identifying tokens may bespecific to a message recipient, wherein one identifying token, referredto herein as a primary identifying token, may be obscured in messages,and one identifying token, referred to herein as a secondary identifyingtoken, may not be obscured in messages.

A prompt may optionally be provided for one or more identifying tokens(3102). An example of a prompt for an identifying token is a userinterface such as a dialog box. In some embodiments, a prompt mayinclude a selection of one or more identifying tokens from which achoice may be made. Examples of identifying tokens that may be offeredinclude a collection of images, account number, account name, full name,randomly generated information such as a random word or phrase, andtemplate-driven information such as prompting for a place of birth,mother's maiden name, high school, or other personal information. Insome embodiments, a prompt may include a way for an identifying token tobe user-supplied, for example by providing an input area in which anidentifying token may be input, or the capability to browse a storagedevice for an image and upload the image. In some embodiments, a singleidentifying token may be prompted for. In some embodiments, a primaryand secondary identifying token may be prompted for. In someembodiments, a prompt may include an instruction indicating thatsubsequent message(s) from the message originator, such as emails and/ortelephone calls, will include the identifying token, and that messagesnot including the identifying token may be regarded as illegitimate.

One or more identifying tokens may be received (3103). An example ofreceiving an identifying token is to receive a selection from among apredetermined set of identifying tokens. Another example of receiving anidentifying token is to receive a user-specified identifying token. Insome embodiments, a single identifying token may be received. In someembodiments, a primary and secondary identifying token may be received.In some embodiments, a primary identifying token be obscured before itis received, for example as described in conjunction with FIG. 32.

One or more identifying tokens, such as a primary identifying token, mayoptionally be obscured (3104). An example of obscuring an identifyingtoken is to provide an identifying token to a token obscuring component,for example a component using an obscuring method as described inconjunction with FIG. 32. In some embodiments, a token obscuringcomponent may be on a remote computing device such as a client device.In such embodiments, a remote token obscuring component may becommunicated with using mechanisms such as a remote procedure call or aJavascript script and/or ActiveX component provided in a document suchas a web page.

The token(s) may be associated with an account (3105), for example bystoring the token(s), or a reference to one or more token identifiers,associated with account preference information.

FIG. 32 is a flow diagram of a method for obscuring an identifyingtoken, according to some embodiments. In this example, an identifyingtoken is received (3201). An example of receiving an identifying tokenis for a user to select an identifying token, for example as describedin conjunction with 3102 of FIG. 34. Another example of receiving anidentifying token is to receive it from a remote component, for exampleas described in conjunction with 3104 of FIG. 31. In some embodiments,the identifying token may be a primary identifying token. In someembodiments, information relating to an expected message sender, such asa sender messaging address or originating domain, may be associated withthe identifying token.

The identifying token may be obscured (3202). In some embodiments,obscuring the token may be performed using information kept secretand/or information associated with an aspect of an expected sender of amessage with which the identifying token may be associated. An aspect ofan associated sender, such as a sender address or an originating domain,may be received and associated with the identifying token. An example ofobscuring a token using a combination of secret information and senderinformation is to encrypt the token using a key that includes both asecret and the address or domain name of the expected sender. Suchencryption may be performed using any encryption known to those skilledin the art, for example a symmetric encryption such as DES, AES orBlowfish.

The obscured identifying token may be provided (3203). An example ofproviding the obscured identifying token is to pass it back to a caller,such as a token selector. Another example of providing the obscuredidentifying token is to transmit it to a remote caller, for example aremote caller as described in conjunction with 3104 of FIG. 31.

FIG. 33 is a flow diagram of a method for sending a message with one ormore associated identifying tokens, according to some embodiments. Inthis example, a message may be prepared (3301). Examples of a messageinclude an email, an instant message, a postal mailing, and a telephonecall script. In various embodiments, a message may be preparedspecifically for a user, for example an invoice, or may be amass-mailing that will be sent to multiple customers. In someembodiments, preparing a message may include receiving the message froma message originator, for example by a token association service. Insuch embodiments, a message originator or an affiliate of a messageoriginator, such as a bulk emailing service, may prepare a message andtransmit it to a token association service. The token associationservice may determine that the message is authorized by the messageoriginator to go to the recipient, for example by verifying acryptographic signature on the message, or by authenticating acommunications session and receiving one or more messages to one or morerecipients during the authenticated communications session. Ways toauthenticate a communications session are well known to those skilled inthe art.

One or more identifying tokens associated with an intended recipient maybe retrieved (3302). An identifying token may, for example, have beenassociated with the recipient as described in conjunction with FIG. 31.In some embodiments, a single identifying token may be retrieved. Insome embodiments, a primary and secondary identifying token may beretrieved. The identifying token(s) may be associated with the message(3303). One example of associating an identifying token with a messageis to incorporate the identifying token into the message, for exampleincluding a textual token at the beginning or end of a message, orincluding an image in a message, for example using MIME encoding.Another example of associating an identifying token with a message is toincorporate a reference to an identifying token, for example asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 35. The message may be sent (3304).In some embodiments, a message may be sent in batch mode, for exampleafter multiple messages have been generated and associated withidentifying tokens associated with their respective recipients.

FIG. 34 is a flow diagram of a method for processing a primary andoptional secondary identifying token, according to some embodiments. Inthis example, a message with an associated identifying token is received(3401), for example by a messaging client, a messaging server, or aproxy layer between a messaging client and a messaging server. It may bedetermined whether the identifying token is obscured (3402). If it isdetermined that the identifying token is obscured (3402), then it isdetermined whether a key is available for revealing the obscured(primary) identifying token (3404). An example of a situation in which akey may be available is when a computing device containing a secret keyassociated with the primary identifying token, such as a computingdevice belonging to the creator of the primary identifying token, isbeing used. An example of a situation in which a key may not beavailable is when a computing device not containing a secret keyassociated with the primary identifying token, such as a public computeror a computer belonging to someone other than the creator of the primaryidentifying token, is used.

If it is determined that a key is available (3404), then the primaryidentifying token is revealed in this example (3405). In someembodiments, a primary identifying token may be revealed usinginformation kept secret and/or information associated with an aspect ofa sender of the message. An example of revealing a primary identifyingtoken using a combination of secret information and sender informationis to decrypt the token using a key that includes both a secret and theaddress or domain name of the sender. Such decryption may be performedusing any encryption known to those skilled in the art, for example asymmetric encryption such as DES, AES or Blowfish. The primaryidentifying token may be used. An example of using the primaryidentifying token is to display the primary identifying token when themessage is rendered. Another example of using the primary identifyingtoken is to alter the message so the revealed identifying token isdisplayable.

If it is determined that a key is not available (3404), then thesecondary identifying token, if any, is used in this example (3403). Anexample of using the secondary identifying token is to display thesecondary identifying token when a containing message is rendered.Another example of using the secondary identifying token is to alter themessage so the secondary identifying token is displayable.

FIG. 35 is a flow diagram of a method for temporarily associating anidentifying token with a message, according to some embodiments. In thisexample, a message may be prepared (3501). Examples of a message includean email, an instant message, a postal mailing, and a telephone callscript. In various embodiments, a message may be prepared specificallyfor a user, for example an invoice, or may be a mass-mailing that willbe sent to multiple customers. In some embodiments, preparing a messagemay include receiving the message from a message originator, for exampleby a token association service. In such embodiments, a messageoriginator or an affiliate of a message originator, such as a bulkemailing service, may prepare a message and transmit it to a tokenassociation service. The token association service may determine thatthe message is authorized by the message originator to go to therecipient, for example by verifying a cryptographic signature on themessage, or by authenticating a communications session and receiving oneor more messages to one or more recipients during the authenticatedcommunications session. Ways to authenticate a communications sessionare well known to those skilled in the art.

An identifying token associated with a message recipient may bedetermined (3502). An example of determining an identifying tokenassociated with a message recipient is to look up account informationassociated with the message recipient. In some embodiments, anidentifying token may have been associated with a message recipient asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 31. In some embodiments, anidentifying token may be created on the fly, for example by creating animage from a textual identifying token. A reference identifier may becreated (3503). In some embodiments, a reference identifier may includea randomly generated component. The reference identifier may beassociated with the identifying token (3504). An example of associatinga reference identifier with an identifying token is to create a mappingin a database that is keyed on the reference identifier and contains areference, such as a filename, to the associated identifying token.

The reference identifier may be associated with the message (3505). Anexample of associating a reference identifier with a message is toinclude an <IMG> or <A> tag in HTML content in a message such as anemail, with an argument that refers to the reference identifier on aserver with direct or indirect access to the mapping to an identifyingtoken. Examples of tags with a reference identifier include tags of theform <IMG SRC=“host:program?arg=ref”> and <AHREF=“host:program?arg=ref”>, wherein host refers to a server, programrefers to a computer program on the server that has access to themapping, arg refers to an argument used to specify a referenceidentifier, and ref is the reference identifier. The message with theassociated reference identifier may be sent to a recipient (3506). Insome embodiments, a server storing an instance of an identifying tokenmay remove the identifying token and/or invalidate an associatedreference identifier after a predetermined criterion has been met,and/or may deny access based on previous accesses, for example asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 36.

FIG. 36 is a flow diagram of a method for providing an identifyingtoken, according to some embodiments. In this example, a referenceidentifier is received (3601). An example of receiving a referenceidentifier is for a server to receive a reference identifier, forexample because a client has received or rendered a message with anassociated message identifier, such as a message constructed asdiscussed in conjunction with FIG. 35. The reference identifier may belooked up (3602). An example of looking up a reference identifier is touse the reference identifier as a key to obtain associated data from adata store such as a database.

It may be determined whether the reference identifier is valid (3603).One example of determining whether a reference identifier is valid is todetermine whether it is present in a data store. Another example ofdetermining whether a reference identifier is valid is to determinewhether it has been marked as invalid, for example because a securitycriterion has previously been unmet. If it is determined that thereference identifier is not valid (3603), then an error is returned inthis example (3605). One example of returning an error is to return aresult indicating that the identifying token does not exist. Anotherexample of returning an error is to return a spurious identifying token,such as an image or text indicating that a security violation hasoccurred.

If it is determined that the reference identifier is valid (3603), thenone or more security criteria are checked in this example (3604). Oneexample of a security criterion is a maximum period of time aftersending a message or creating a reference identifier, such as one week.Another example of a security criterion is a maximum period of timeafter the first time a reference identifier is used to access anidentifying token, such as one week. Another example of a securitycriterion is a maximum number of times a reference identifier may beused to access an identifying token, such as three. Another example of asecurity criterion is the presence of an acceptable cookie from arequestor. Another example of a security criterion is a restriction thatonly a machine consistent with the first machine to reference anidentifying token using a reference identifier, for example a machinewith the same IP address as the first accessing machine, may bepermitted to access the identifying token using the referenceidentifier. If one or more security criteria are not met (3604), then anerror is returned in this example (3605).

If security criteria are met (3604), then access information isoptionally stored in this example (3606). An example of storing accessinformation is to store the time of the access. Another example ofstoring access information is to increment a count of the number ofaccesses. Another example of storing access information is to provide acookie to a requestor. Another example of storing access information isto store address information associated with a requestor, such as an IPaddress. An identifying token associated with the reference identifiermay be returned (3607). An example of returning an identifying token isto transmit the identifying token to a requestor. In some embodiments,the requestor may render the identifying token.

FIG. 37 is a flow diagram of a method for dissemination of anidentifying token, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments,the method of FIG. 37 may be performed by a browsing and/or messagingclient. In this example, an identifying token is provided (3701). Anexample of a way a token may be provided is that a user may provide amessaging address such as an email address to a correspondent, forexample via a web site. The correspondent, for example via code such asa Javascript script and/or ActiveX component associated with a web pageprovided by the web site, may provide a token to a browsing client.Another example of a way a token may be provided is that a messagecontaining the token may have been processed as legitimate. An exampleof processing a message as legitimate is whitelisting the sender of themessage. Another example of processing a message as legitimate isreceiving a directive from a user indicating that a message is non-spam.Another example of processing a message as legitimate is processing useractions associated with a message that indicate the message islegitimate, such as viewing the message without deleting the message, orpaging through an entire message.

A user interface may optionally be presented (3702), which may providean opportunity to approve or decline acceptance of the identifyingtoken. If the identifying token is declined (3703), then processing iscomplete in this example (3705). If the identifying token is accepted(3703), then the identifying token is associated with a sender or domain(3704). An example of a domain with which to associate the identifyingtoken is the domain of a web site being visited. An example of a senderwith which to associate the identifying token is a sender specified ininformation associated with the identifying token. In some embodiments,an identifying token associated with a sender or domain may be used asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 38.

FIG. 38 is a flow diagram of a method for automatically processing amessage containing an identifying token, according to some embodiments.In this example, a message is received (3801). An example of receiving amessage is to receive a message at a messaging client or server. Anidentifying token associated with the address and/or domain of a senderof the message may optionally be looked up (3802). In some embodiments,such as embodiments in which cryptographically signed tokens are used,lookup and/or verification of association may be omitted. If anidentifying token is not associated with the sender and/or domain(3803), then the message is classified as presenting a medium securityrisk in this example (3804). In some embodiments, classification as amedium security risk may subsequently be used to determine how to renderand/or allow interactions with the message. For example, rendering maybe performed non-preferentially as described in conjunction with FIG.21, and/or an action associated with the message may be impeded asdescribed in conjunction with FIG. 19.

If a stored token was found (3803), then the message is checked in thisexample to determine whether it included an identifying token (3805),and if so, if the identifying token matches the identifying tokenassociated with the sender or domain (3806). In some embodiments, amessage token may be a literal. In some embodiments, an identifyingtoken may be a cryptographic element, for example a digital signature.An example of determining whether a cryptographic message token matchesa stored identifying token is to determine whether a signatureassociated with a message may be decrypted with a stored identifyingtoken (for example a public key).

If an identifying token was not associated with the message (3805), orif the identifying token associated with the message does not match anidentifying token associated with the sender or domain (3806), then themessage is classified as presenting a high security risk in this example(3805). In some embodiments, classification as a high security risk maysubsequently be used to determine how to render and/or allowinteractions with the message. For example, rendering may be performednon-preferentially as described in conjunction with FIG. 21, and/or anaction associated with the message may be impeded as described inconjunction with FIG. 19. In another example, the message may beautomatically discarded or quarantined, and/or any links containedtherein may be disabled. In some embodiments, the message may bedisplayed with a prominent warning indicating that it appears to befraudulent.

If the identifying token associated with the message is determined tomatch an identifying token associated with a sender or domain (3806),then the message is classified as presenting a low security risk in thisexample (3808). In some embodiments, classification as a low securityrisk may subsequently be used to determine how to render and/or allowinteractions with the message. For example, rendering may be performedpreferentially as described in conjunction with FIG. 21, or an actionassociated with the message may be unimpeded as described in conjunctionwith FIG. 19.

Although the foregoing embodiments have been described in some detailfor purposes of clarity of understanding, the invention is not limitedto the details provided. There are many alternative ways of implementingthe invention. The disclosed embodiments are illustrative and notrestrictive.

1. A system, comprising: a screen; a memory comprising instructions; andone or more processors in communication with the memory and configuredto execute the instructions to facilitate: receiving a first user inputcorresponding to selection of a link associated with an address;determining that the address would not fit in an address bar of abrowser displayed on the screen; and based on the determination that theaddress would not fit in the address bar of the browser, displaying, inthe address bar of the browser, a first element of the address and atleast part of a second element of the address, wherein the first elementof the address corresponds to a domain component of the address, whereinthe second element of the address comprises one or more components ofthe address other than the domain component, and wherein displaying atleast part of the second element of the address comprises displaying afirst portion of the second element of the address and an ellipsisindication representing a second portion of the second element of theaddress; wherein the display of the first element of the address isvisually distinguished from the display of the first portion of thesecond element of the address.
 2. The system according to claim 1,wherein the one or more processors are further configured to execute theprocessor-executable instructions to facilitate: receiving a Hyper TextMarkup Language (HTML) email, wherein the HTML email includes the linkassociated with the address.
 3. The system according to claim 1, whereinthe HTML email further includes information corresponding to an embeddedimage; and wherein the one or more processors are further configured toexecute the instructions to facilitate: determining whether the HTMLemail is trustworthy, wherein determining whether the HTML email istrustworthy comprises performing spam analysis to determine whether toclassify the HTML email as spam, wherein the spam analysis is based atleast in part on a sender of the HTML email; and based on the HTML emailbeing classified as spam, displaying a modified version of the HTMLemail on the screen, wherein the displayed version of the HTML emaildoes not include the embedded image.
 4. The system according to claim 3,wherein performing spam analysis comprises: identifying the sender ofthe HTML email; and determining whether the sender of the HTML email isassociated with a whitelist.
 5. The system according to claim 3, whereinperforming spam analysis comprises: retrieving domain-relatedinformation by performing a domain name system (DNS) query on a domainassociated with the sender of the HTML email; and based on thedomain-related information, determining whether the sender of the HTMLemail is trustworthy.
 6. The system according to claim 1, wherein theone or more processors are further configured to execute theprocessor-executable instructions to facilitate: receiving a secondinput; and in response to the received second input, displayingadditional content of the address in the address bar of the browser. 7.The system according to claim 6, wherein displaying the additionalcontent of the address in the address bar of the browser corresponds todisplaying a view of the address in its entirety in the address bar ofthe browser, wherein the second portion of the second element of theaddress is displayed in full together with the first portion of thesecond element of the address and the first element of the address inthe address bar of the browser.
 8. A method comprising: receiving, by acomputer, a user input corresponding to selection of a link associatedwith an address; determining, by the computer, that the address wouldnot fit in an address bar of a browser displayed on a screen of thecomputer; and based on the determination that the address would not fitin the address bar of the browser, displaying, by the computer, in theaddress bar of the browser, a first element of the address and at leastpart of a second element of the address, wherein the first element ofthe address corresponds to a domain component of the address, whereinthe second element of the address comprises one or more components ofthe address other than the domain component, and wherein displaying atleast part of the second element of the address comprises displaying afirst portion of the second element of the address and an ellipsisindication representing a second portion of the second element of theaddress; wherein the display of the first element of the address isvisually distinguished from the display of the first portion of thesecond element of the address.
 9. The method according to claim 8,further comprising: receiving, by the computer, a Hyper Text MarkupLanguage (HTML) email, wherein the HTML email includes the linkassociated with the address.
 10. The method according to claim 9,wherein the HTML email further includes information corresponding to anembedded image; and wherein the method further comprises: determining,by the computer, whether the HTML email is trustworthy, whereindetermining whether the HTML email is trustworthy comprises performingspam analysis to determine whether to classify the HTML email as spam,wherein the spam analysis is based at least in part on a sender of theHTML email; and based on the HTML email being classified as spam,displaying, by the computer, a modified version of the HTML email on thescreen, wherein the displayed version of the HTML email does not includethe embedded image.
 11. The method according to claim 10, whereinperforming spam analysis comprises: identifying, by the computer, thesender of the HTML email; and determining, by the computer, whether thesender of the HTML email is associated with a whitelist.
 12. The methodaccording to claim 10, wherein performing spam analysis comprises:retrieving, by the computer, domain-related information by performing adomain name system (DNS) query on a domain associated with the sender ofthe HTML email; and based on the domain-related information,determining, by the computer, whether the sender of the HTML email istrustworthy.
 13. The method according to claim 8, further comprising:receiving, by the computer, a second input; and in response to thereceived second input, displaying, by the computer, additional contentof the address in the address bar of the browser.
 14. The methodaccording to claim 13, wherein displaying the additional content of theaddress in the address bar of the browser corresponds to displaying aview of the address in its entirety in the address bar of the browser,wherein the second portion of the second element of the address isdisplayed in full together with the first portion of the second elementof the address and the first element of the address in the address barof the browser.
 15. A non-transitory computer-readable medium havingprocessor-executable instructions stored thereon, wherein theprocessor-executable instructions, when executed, facilitate: receivinga first user input corresponding to selection of a link associated withan address; determining that the address would not fit in an address barof a browser displayed on a screen; and based on the determination thatthe address would not fit in the address bar of the browser, displaying,in the address bar of the browser, a first element of the address and atleast part of a second element of the address, wherein the first elementof the address corresponds to a domain component of the address, whereinthe second element of the address comprises one or more components ofthe address other than the domain component, and wherein displaying atleast part of the second element of the address comprises displaying afirst portion of the second element of the address and an ellipsisindication representing a second portion of the second element of theaddress; wherein the display of the first element of the address isvisually distinguished from the display of the first portion of thesecond element of the address.
 16. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium according to claim 15, wherein the processor-executableinstructions, when executed, further facilitate: receiving a Hyper TextMarkup Language (HTML) email, wherein the HTML email includes the linkassociated with the address.
 17. The non-transitory computer-readablemedium according to claim 16, wherein the HTML email further includesinformation corresponding to an embedded image; and wherein theprocessor-executable instructions, when executed, further facilitate:determining whether the HTML email is trustworthy, wherein determiningwhether the HTML email is trustworthy comprises performing spam analysisto determine whether to classify the HTML email as spam, wherein thespam analysis is based at least in part on a sender of the HTML email;and based on the HTML email being classified as spam, displaying amodified version of the HTML email, wherein the displayed version of theHTML email does not include the embedded image.
 18. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium according to claim 17, wherein performing spamanalysis comprises: identifying the sender of the HTML email; anddetermining whether the sender of the HTML email is associated with awhitelist.
 19. The non-transitory computer-readable medium according toclaim 17, wherein performing spam analysis comprises: retrievingdomain-related information by performing a domain name system (DNS)query on a domain associated with the sender of the HTML email; andbased on the domain-related information, determining whether the senderof the HTML email is trustworthy.
 20. The non-transitorycomputer-readable medium according to claim 15, wherein theprocessor-executable instructions, when executed, further facilitate:receiving a second input; and in response to the received second input,displaying additional content of the address in the address bar of thebrowser.